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If you travel by air, it's very important
to keep your weight down to a minimum.

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You can't afford to carry a lot of fuel around,

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and what you do carry should be energy-packed
and not too bulky.

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0ak trees put just such a substance
into their acorns.

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It's there to fuel the growth of their seedlings,
and they protect it with a hard shell,

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but jays know how to deal with that.

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A beak is itself a concession to weight-saving.

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It's much lighter than the jaws and teeth that
reptiles and mammals use to process their food,

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yet it's also very efficient and versatile.

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A jay using its beak like a pick

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can cut through an acorn's armour
without any difficulty.

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Beaks are closely matched to diet.

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A goldfinch uses its beak like a pair of tweezers.

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It's just the right length for extracting the seeds
from between a teasel's spines.

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A blue tit, on the other hand, has a stubbier beak.

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That gives it the strength to crack small seeds,

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but it also prevents its owner from
getting them from a teasel

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A greenfinch's beak is even stouter and stronger,

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but it's far from clumsy.

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Watch how, with the help from its tongue,

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the bird delicately removes the outer shell
of these rosehip seeds.

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The strongest beak in the finch family
belongs to the hawfinch.

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That can even deal with the cherry-stone.

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But the bird doesn't simply rely on brute force.

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First, it manoeuvres the cherry-stone into
the right position for easy cracking.

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It gets rid of the broken shell...

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..and now it starts the fiddly operation of
removing the husk that covers the kernel

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Pine trees, these are in California,

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protect their seeds by enclosing them in cones.

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When they're still green, the seeds developing
within are beyond the reach of most birds.

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But the cross-bill has special equipment.

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It's the only finch that can twist its upper
and lower bill in opposite directions.

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Now, right at the bottom, it can feel
the soft young seed with its tongue.

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Got it!

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After a meal of pine seeds,

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these American cross-bills regularly fly off to
a bank of exposed clay.

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They're
[...]
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